Method of elected chemical heating



, METHOD 0E ELECTRO CHEMICAL HEATING.'

No. 381,818. y Patented Apr. 24, 1888.

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E. E. 181138. METHOD OF ELECTRO CHEMICAL HEATING. No. 881,818. PatentedApr. 24, 1888.

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E. E. RIES. METHCE CE EEECTEC CHEMICAL HEATING.

No. 381,818. Patented Apr. 214, 1888.

NJ PETERS, mwmnnguplun washivwn. D.:

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.,

ELIAS E. RIES, OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, ASSIGNOR OF ONE-HALF TO ALBERT H.HENDERSON, OF SAME PLACE.

METHOD OF ELECTRO-.CHEMICAL HEATING.

SI?ECIIEI.CAT'LEON forming part ofLetters Patent No. 381,818, datedApril 24, 1888.

Application tiled June 22, 1887. Serial No. 242,125. No model.)

T all whom it may concern,.-

Be it known that I, ELIAS E.RIEs,a citizen of the United States,residing at Baltimore, in the State of Maryland, have invented certainnew and useful Improvements in Systems of and Apparatus forElectro-Chemical Heating; and I do hereby declare the following to be afull, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enableothers skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use thesame.

My invention relates to a new andimproved method and apparatus forgenerating steam by electro chemical means for the purpose of heatingbuildings and all other stationary plants and for furnishing steam-powerto engines, motors, &c. In this system the direct heat- .ing agentemployed is a suitable chemical solution-such as caustic soda,concentratedlye, potash, or an equivalent substancewhich is deposited orcontained in suitable boilers or generators of novel construction andarrangem`ent,whereby the said heating agent or agents are eitheremployed to generate a desired quantity of steam from an adjacentquantity of Water for exterior circulation andradiation through theordinary system of steam pipes and radiators or are utilized directlywithin the said boilers or reservoirs,which latter are in this capacityused as the radiators themselves, the soda, lye, or potash acting as asource oftheheat-,and its respective reservoir being the radiatingdevice,or the steam thus generated is used for motive purposes,as beforestated. The chief difficulty which has been heretofore experienced inusing the heating properties of caustic soda and other heat-givingsolutions for this particular purpose Was the inconvenience and expenseattendant upon the continual manual attention necessarily required foroperating the generating apparatus. The necessity of removing thesteam-generating substance from its receptacle in order to evaporate andstrengthen the same after exhaustion also involved a loss ofti1ne,waste, and great expense, while, on the other hand, if it had beenattempted to revivify and regenerate such substance inl its reservoir byutilizing ordinary heating expedients the expense of constructingheating apparatus available for this purpose, the maintenance ofcontinual res, Ste.,

would have exceeded the cost of replacing the exhausted substance with afresh supply. Again, the methods heretofore employed for regeneratingand reconcentrating similar heatgenerating solutions after they had beendeprived of their heating qualities by continual or uninterrupted usewere exceedingly crude and expensive. Consequently one essential objectof this invention is to overcome these objections by aiding themaintenance of the Working temperature of said solution by eradicatingor evaporating any objectionable moisture deposited therein by means ofan electric current of comparatively low potential and heavy heatingcapaci ty,which is conducted at required intervals through the soda orother solution contained Within the boilers by the automatic operationof certain electrical connectionsandthermostaticdevices,which Willbemore particularly described hereinafter. Furthermore, the usefuladaptability of the electric current for automatically relieating andregenerating the caustic solution at the proper intervals tends toincrease the efficiency of operation, to avoid the personal attention ofan operator, and to provide a safe, clean, and compact generatingapparatus which does not require the constant application of thereheating and regenerating qualities of the electric current. Theelectric current for this purpose is preferably derived from a centralstation or stations and is distributed to the various points ofconsumption at which my apparatus is situated in the ordinary manner;but, as will be readily apparent, since the current required at statedintervals for regenerating, reconcentrating, and for evaporating thesurplus moisture from the solution can be more economically generatedand distributed from a dynamo furnishing currents of comparatively hightension or electro-motive force, the said currents must be convertedfrom high tension to 10W tension in order to gain the desired quantityor volume in the secondary circuit, which is necessary to produce therequired heating effect. Therefore, in practice I prefer to employalternating generators at the central station and to convert the currentinto the required low potential through inductional transformers of thedesired construction located, preferably, in

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proximity to the boilers or generators containing the heat-generatingsolution, thereby at taining a more eiifective and equal distributionand increased heating efficiency of the secondary current. However, itwill be understood that continuous current machines might be located atthe said central station or stations and that the current furnishedthereby might be converted into one of alternating character in a mannerwell known to those skilled in this art; but, as before stated, inpractice I consider it more economical and convenient to utilize agenerator of alternating type.

As different stations will require the relieating-current at differenttimes for only a short period cach, it will be seen that this system ofheating is extremely economical in the use of current, the supply ofwhich for a number of stations need be comparatively small, and it ispossible to place the transforming and heating apparatus in circuit withthe ordinary con ductors that supply light and motive power, and therebyobtain a sufcient and constant supply of heat without interfering withor ma-' terially increasing the amount of current re quired to begenerated at the station. In the present drawings, however, I have shownan independent heating circuit only for the sake of clearncss.

A further object of my invention is to provide auxiliary apparat-us ofthe necessary construction for re-enforcing and augmenting the actionofthe caustic solution and for radiating and equally distributing thegenerated heat t0 the different points of consumption with increasedefficiency of operation, economy, and safety.

For the attainment of these several objects my invention consists in acertain organization of apparatus, and arrangement and combination ofparts, which will be more accurately and fully described hereinafter,and the points of novelty in which will be specifically designated inthe appended claims.

In the accompanying drawings I have illustrated certain appliances foroperatively carrying out my invention. However, I wish it to bedistinctly understood that such is not to be construed as limitingmyself to specific constructions.

Figurel is a vertical transverse section of a preferred form of uprightboiler or generator, parts being shown in side elevation. In this formof boiler the steam generated by the caustic solution is superheatedbefore passing out, and the current for regenerating and strengtheningthe solution is conducted therethrough by means of the superheatingcoil. Fig. 2 is a similar view showing a different manner ofsuperheating the steam and a separate spiral for conducting the currentthrough the solution. Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section ofa form ofstationary generating apparatus for heating dwelling-houses, 82e., orfor supplying steam for motive-power purposes. This apparatus isspecially designed to be used in connection with the electric currentsupplied from a central station. Fig. 4 is a crossseetion on line x x ofFig. 3, with parts broken away. Fig. 5 is a view in elevation of twoadjoining houses with their fronts removed in order to show thearrangement, equipment, and distribution of my system therein, theinstallation being in this instance, for the sake of clearness,represented as isolated plants. Fig. 6 is a diagrammatical view showingconventionally a central station and the arrangement of the circuits tothe transformers, the heat-generators, and radiators at dierent remotepoints. Fig. 7 is a detail view of the thermostatic eut out shown inFig. 6.

It will be understood that the apparatus about to be described isequally adapted for the generation of steam for heating or powerpurposes, the only difference required being a proper adjustment of theapparatus to produce the requisite pressure for the different purposes.

Like numbers of reference indicate correspending parts in the severalviews.

Referring to Fig. 1, which illustrates an upright boiler or generatorfor either stationary or railway-ear uses, 1 indicates the exteriorcasing, formed preferably of hammered boiler iron or steel and supportedvertically by a suitable base, as shown conventionally at 2. Within thiscylindrical easing is located au upright coil, 3, which is designed tohold the water, `admitted thereto from a suitable tank or other supply(not shown) through the bottom ofthe easing 1 by means of a proper heador pressure. 6 designates a smaller coil ver tically suspended withinand enveloped by the coil 3, and communicates with the steam-chest 5 bythe ilaring pipe 7, as shown, this coil G being insulated from theboiler at its points of support, as hereinafter described. The lower endof this coil is connected with the distributing-pipe 8, which in turnenters on one side of one of the ordinary si cam-radiators, 9 9, (seeFig. 5,) while the exhaust or return pipe 10 connects the other side ofone of said radiators with the interior chamber, 1l, of the boiler, (seeFig. 1,) which contains the soda or other caustic solution. Thus it willbe understood' that the heating property of the caustic solution whichsurrounds the water contained in the coil 3 will generate steam fromsaid water, which steam will rise through the mouth of the upperterminal, 4, of the coil 3 into the steam-chest 5, and will be conductedtherefrom through the flaring mouth 7 into the superheatingcoil 6, asshown by the arrows in Fig. 1. Thus the steam in its passage through thesaid coil 6 will be superheated by means of the caustic solution, theobject of this latter process being to render the steam sufficientlyexpansible and dry in order that a less amount thereof need only begenerated for the required purpose. Then the said superheated steam isconducted through the distributing-pipe 8 to a heater, 9, (see Fig. 5,)and returns by the eXhagst-pipe 10 into IOO the soda solution near thebottom of the chamber 11, Where it is absorbed by the'soda.

for a great length of time before the solution is completely saturatedor back-pressure is evineed. However, in course of time the soda willbecome thoroughly saturated with steam and will cease to further absorbthe exhaust-steam. Therefore, in such event I have devised means forautomatically opening a'safety or blow-off pipe and for simulta--neously closing an' electric circuit, so thatl a current of therequisite heating effect may be conducted through the solution for theobvious purpose of evaporating the moisture deposited by the exhaust andreconcentrating, reheating, and revivifying the same to the necessaryworking temperature. In order to effeet this end the following mechanismis employed:

12 isaback-pressure cylinder, which has its open end protruding into thechamber 11. A bridge-piece, 13, insulated from and attached to the Outerend of thespring-actuated pistonrod 14, is adapted to make contact withthe terminals 15 15 in the secondary circuit from the transformer 16,(see Figs. 1 and 6,) and to the piston-rod 14: is attached asmall camprojection, 17, against the lower end of which rests the forward end ofa small lever, 18, which is held thereagainst by asmallcompression-spring, 19. Directly underneath and inline with the cylinder12, on the interior of the casing 1, is affixed a frame, 20, containinga helix or spiral spring composed of a continuous strip of two metalshaving different ratios of expnnsibility, so as to produce an axial orrotary motion in a well known manner. One end of this spiral is attachedto the frame 20, which is provided with a threaded hub for securing thesaid frame to theV wall of the boiler, and the other end of said springis fastened to the periphery of a small disk, 21, which is mounted onthe inner end of the shaft 22, which carries on its outer end anadjustable cam projection, 23, said projection serving to operate uponthe lever 18 in a 1nan ner to be hereinafter explained.

The operation is as follows: When the soda has become saturated withmoisture up to the point at which it no longer freely absorbs theexhaust steam, back-pressure in the boiler and distributing-pipes willresult, owing to the presence of the exhaust-steam, andthe soda solutionwill therefore require regeneration or reconcentration before it can befurther used for steamgeneratingpurposes. When this period occurs, theexhaust-steam will be cut off from the heatgiving substance bytheblow-off valve (see explanation hereinafter) and the rapidlyincreasingback-pressure in the soda boiler will force outwardly the piston-rod 14Eofthe switchcylinderuntil the bridgeor contact piece 13 makes Contactwith the terminals 15 15 ofthe secondaryy circuit from the transformer16,

` thereby closing the said circuit and simultane` ously causing thecurrent to traverse it by' way of the wire 2i, the coil 6, and the wire25 back to the transformer, the upper and lower ends of the coil 6 beinginsulated from their supports, as shown clearly in Fig. 1. At the sameinstant the bridge-piece makes contact with the terminals 15 l5 theprojection 17 will pass beyond the end of the lever 18, which will thenbe forced up by spring 19 on the curve of the projection 17, and will bethere held unt-il disengaged, in a mannerto be hereinafter explained.Also, at the sa'me time the piston-rod is moved forward thelever26,which is moved by pin 27 on the said piston-rod, is actuated, therebyopening the rotary valve 28 and allowing the blow-off pipe to be open.Thus the current will continue to traverse its path until the surplusmoisture has been evaporated and the heat absorbed by the caustic sodabecomes sufficiently intense t'o expand or dilate the spiral spring ofthe'thermostat,which action will rotate the shaft 22,and consequentlythe cam 23, which latter will in its revolution engage the lever 18 andcompress the spring 19, thereby releasing the other end of the leverfrom engagement with the projection 17 and allowing spring 29 (see Fig.3) to retract the pistonArod to its original inactive position,thusbreaking the circuit and closing the valve 28, the parts assumingtheir normal position, as shown in Fig. 1. Referring tothe modificationof the before-described generator, (shown in Fig. 2.) the principle ofoperation is similar to that illustrated in said Fig. 1, except that theblow-olf pipe is operated independently by an expansible springsafety-valve, as shown, this being kept open by the interior pressureduring the moistureevaporating pro cess. The steam-chamber 5 isdispensed with and the steam reservoir is formed by the upper coils ofthe water coil 3. The steam is superheated in a single verticaldownwardlyprojecting pipe passing through the soda solution. Theconductor for the electric current is made in the form of a separatecoil and passes perpendicular-ly through the said solution, as shown,and the coil 3 is provided with abranch safety-pipe, 31,whieh may eithercornmunicate with the atmosphere or be connected to a suitable condenserwhich is used to reduce or to condense the blow-offsteam into aproportionate quantity of water, and the water is then returned to thewater coil 3 by means of the injector (shown in Figs. 3 and 4) andintermediate auxiliary pipes. (Not shown.) In either case I wouldconsider it .advisable to have a safety plug or valve made of suitablefusible metal, such as is shown at 30, Fig. 2, so that in ease of thecoil being supercharged with steam the heat developed thereby would besufficient to melt the plug 30 and give vent to such overcharge. In allother respects these constructions correspond. In Fig. 3 is shown asomewhat different form of generating apparatus, which is, as shown, ofthe longitudinal type, and consists, essentially, of anexterior casing,1, having its interior divided into two compartments-mue for thesolution and the.. other for the water. The soda-compartment 32 occupiesa space, 33, at each end, as shown, said spaces 33 33 communicating withcach other by the lower channel, 34, and also by a series oflongitudinal pipes, 35 35, which are open at their respective ends andterminate ush with the partitions 36 3G between the soda and watercompartments. The conductor for the electric current, which is dcsignedto pass through the heating substance, is made preferably in the formshown-z'. e., of a corrugated broad strip of copper or other conductingmetal, 37, passing centrally throughout the soda-compartment 32 andconnected, respectively, at its extremities to the bindingposts, whichare mounted in suitable non-conducting air-tight packing-rings (notshown) on the top of the generator. The water-compartment 38 is filledfrom any suitable source and through any convenient entrance (not shown)which corresponds to injector-connection with water up to the water-linedesignated in Fig. 3, and the remaining space above the said waterlineand within the compartment 38 is utilized for the steam-chamber,whichiskept constantly supplied by thc evaporation of the water due to theheating agency of the caustic solution in the compartment 32. Theconducting-strips are of larger cross section above the soda-level topreventoverheating from the passage of the current. Centrally on top ofthis generator is located a steam dome or due, 39, which is preferablyformed integral with the casing 1 of the boiler, and is provided with acentral circular perforation in its top to permit the insertion of thesteam-distributing pipe 8, which extends out to one or more of theordinary steam-heaters or other radiating devices, or to the engines orother translating devices, as previously described in conjunction withFig. l, the exhaust or return pipe carrying back the exhaust-steam intothe soda-compartment 32, where it is absorbed in a manncralsohereinbefore explained.

By an inspection of Fig. 3 it will be seen that the electric conductor37 does not come directly in contact with solution contained within thepipes 35; but in reheatiug and evaporating by the heating agency of theelectric current it must be understood that the soda contained within aswell as without said tubes or pipes will receive by conduction andebullition the proper amount of heat, owing to the heat conductivity andaffinity of the soda or similar substance, which is in direct contactwith the said conductor within the compartment 32 and the naturalagitation or change in position of molecules. In order to prevent theescape of current through the soda solution, the heatingconductors arepreferably coated with insulating paint or enamel that will notappreciably obstruct the heat. As the electromo tive force ofthe currentemployed is extremely low, however, this protection can in some cases beentirely dispensed with.

40 indicates the blow-ott` pipe for this particular form of apparatus,which enters above the soda-line in each end space, 33 33, and isconnected by means of a branch pipe, 41,with an ordinary condenser andseparator, (conventionally shown at 42, Fig. 1,) which in turn isprovided with the usual injector, 43, (see Fig. 4,) for utilizing andreturning the water of condensation after the scum which has beendischarged with it has been separated therefrom.

44 is a rotary valve controlling the egress of the steam from theblow-oft' pipes, and is operated by a crank-lever,45, pivotallyconnected at one end with the handle of said valve and at the otherextremity with the bridge-piece 13 of the switch-cylinder 12, which inpoint of construction and operation is similar to that shown anddescribed in Fig. 1, except that said switching and valve-controllingapparatus is actuated by the baclepressure in pipe 10, instead of by theoverprcssure of the charge in chamber 11, as previously described inconnection with Fig. 1.

The valve and controlling mechanism above described are shown only forthe purpose of operatively illustrating my invention. However, inpractice I would deem it advisable to employ a valve of more improvedconstruction, inasmuch as such departure could be Iliade withoutmaterially dcviating from the spirit of my invention.

The object of the illustration shown in Fig. 5 is to adequatelyrepresent a complete equipment,illustrating this method of heating fromthe initial generation of the current, as well as the feasibility of mysystem for heating and lighting buildings by individual plants, as willbe better understood from thc following description.

In the basement of both houses is located an alternating generator, 46or 46, which is driven by belting from a small stationary engine, whichcan be supplied with motive steam from any convenient adjacent or evenexterior source. The primary circuit of the dynamo 46 of house 47 isconnected electrically with the terminals of the fine wire of theinductoriurn 16, the secondary circuit of which includes the form oi'boiler shown more clearly in Figs. 1 and 2, which is permanentlylocatedon the first floor, and is intended to supply the ordinary heaters, 9 9,with the requisite steam heat through the steam distributing pipes 8 8,the exhaust or return pipe returir ing from the. radiator on the lastioor to the sodacompartment ofthe boiler, as before mentioned. Theprimary circuit 48 of the generator 46 in house 49 passes in seriesthrough the thrte transformers 16 16, located on the different floors ofthis dwelling, while the secondary circuit of each transformer 16 isbranched both to the incandescent lights and to the stationary heatgenerating and radiating apparatus 50, which latter in this case acts asa heat-reservoir and contains only a supply of the caustic solution, theboiler itself serving as the radiator. This form of heater is preferredfor heating small apartments in a direct manner-that is to say, where nosteampresent instance in series with the line.

distributing pipes 8 8 are employed-mas much as the large heatingproperties ofthe soda when used in conjunction with myelectro-regenerating process is amply sufficient to comfortably warm thelargest room.

When the soda in the reservoir heaters or radiators requiresregeneration and reconcentration, this is accomplished, as before, bymeans ofthe electric current converted in the secondary circuit of therespective transformer 16, the admission of which is automaticallycontrolled by the thermostat 51, which consists of an expansible strip,of metal pivoted at some convenient point to the boiler 50 and coiledonce at the point 52, as shown. This coiled strip is kept normally outof contact with the terminal 53 of the secondary circuit of theparticular transformer, as the existent heat from the caustic solutionis sufficient to expand the coil 52, so as to be out of contact; butshould the apparatus become cool, owing to the decrease ofthe heatingproperties of the said solution contained therein, the coil willcontract and make contact with the terminal 53, thereby closing thecircuit and causing the current to traverse its conductor 37, (see Fig.3,) to revivify the solution and to raise its temperature until lthecoil 52 will again expand and break contact.

In explanation of the diagram shown in Fig. 6, the central orgeneratingstation, 60, is suitably equipped with alternating dynamos, (only onebeing conventionally shown.)

61 61 is a primary circuit, extending out to a considerable distance,for supplying the inducing-current to the primaries of the severaltransformers 16 16, which latter are located each in proximity to itsrespective generator or boiler, each of which is intended to indicate aheating-plant for some building, warehouse, or other edifice.

The apparatus located at station 62 is similar in construction andoperation to that shown in Figs. l and 2, the primary of its transformer16 being connected or looped in the At the station indicated by 63 noheat-generating 4apparatus is shown, as the same apparatus shown at 62may be there located; or. the form of boiler illustrated in Fig. 3 mightalso occnpy the space between the terminals -txand at this station.There is a difference here, however, in connecting the primary of thetransformer 16, as the branch 64 from the line is arranged in paralleltherewith, and one leg, 65, of said branch forms the primary of thetransformer 16 and continues down to one of the contacts 15 15, whilethe other leg connects one side of the line directly with the othercontact 15, as clearly shown. Thus the contacts 15 15 are intended torepresent a sub-station where only an occasional primary current isrequired for any desirable purpose, the secondary circuit at thisstation being represented as being continuously closed. The station 66shows the system of arrangements where a number of heat-generators areso arranged in the circuit of the secondary of the transformer 16 astobe regenerated and strengthened by the current at different intervals.This arrangement is also intended to show how a portion of the currentfrom said transformer may be continuously utilized for heating by directradiation-that is, to radiate the heat developed by the electric currentin suitable radiating devices, the construction of which is clearlyindicated at 67 67 at this station.

A further explanation of the devices located at said station 66is notdeemed necessary, as an inspection of the iigures will show theircharacter.

As will be obvious from the foregoing description and drawings, thevarious functions ofthe apparatus are performed automatically, requiringno personal attention whatsoever, except a periodical cleaning out afterthe soda has been completely exhausted from long and continued use andthe substitution of a fresh supply of water for that evaporated. In addition the current-regulating devices are so arranged and adjusted thatthe amount of steam generated by the solution is entirely under controland never exceeds that drawn for use in the radiators, as a largerconsumption will be followed by a corresponding production, andviceversa.

By the application of the electric current of the proper strength(quantity) for a few minutes directly to the solution sufficientstrength can be imparted to said solution to generate the heat or steamnecessary to furnish the requisite heat for a number of hours. Moreover,as the most efficient and economical effects in steam-heating systemsare available only by utilizing low pressure and corresponding largeradiating-surfaces, the regenerating period might be arranged at longintervals apart, and the heat-storing properties can be employed to muchbetter advantage than with high pressure, as is required formotive-power purposes. However, it will be understood that the genericform of my apparatus may without any substantial change be used togenerate high-pressure steam for said motive purposes, if founddesirable, or the coil-boilers can be employed as cooling mediums insummer, the refrigerating substance being of any well-known and approvedcomposition, such as ammonia or other liquid or gaseous material. Theradiating-pipes can be utilized without any additional expense and withgreat advantage as the distributing means for the cooling compound, andto meet this requirement the ammonia-gas might be liquefied in anysuitable manner, as will be apparent.

Having thus fully described my invention, what I claim, and desire tosecure by Letters Patent of the United States, is-

1. The hereindescribed method of revivifying a steam-generatingsubstance located in a receptaclev and having heat-giving qualities,which consists in periodically subjecting the same to the heating effectof -an electric cur= rent or currents, substantially as-specied.

2. The herein-described method of maintaining the generation of steam ina generator, which consists in exposing Water to the action of asteam-generating substance having heat giving qualities and revivifyingthe heat-giv- :ing qualities of said substance hy periodicallysubjecting said substance to the heating eiiect of an electric currentor currents, substantially as specified.

3. The herein described method ot maintaining the generation of steam ina generator, which consists in exposing Water to the action of asteam-generating substance having heatgiving qualities, rte-enforcingthe life of said substance by constantly impregnating the sanne withexhauststeam until it reaches a desired point of saturation, andevaporating and revivifying said substance by subjecting it to theheating effect of an electric current or currents when said point ofsaturation is reached, substantially as specified.

4. Theherein-described method otautomatically revivifying asteam-generating substance located in a receptacle and having heat-generating qualities, which consists in establishing an electric circuit inproximity to said sub stanceand controlling the iow ot' electriccurrents of heating etiect through said circuit by the variation of theheat-giving qualities of said substance.

5. The herein described method of main taining the radiation of heat inradiators supplied wit-h steam from a generator, which consists ingenerating steam by exposing water to the action of asteamgencratingsubstance havingheat-givingqualities,distributingthesteam thusgeneratedto points of radiation, and maintaining the heating qualitiesof said substance by impreguating it with exhaust-steam until a desiredpoint of saturation is reached, and evaporating and revivifying saidsubstance by subjecting the same to the heating effect of an electriccurrent or currents when said point of saturation is reached,substantially as specifled.

6. The herein described method ot revivifying a heat-generatingsubstance located in a receptacle and having heat-giving qualities,which consists iu converting high-tension electric currents intocurrents oflower tension and heavier heating eliect and periodicallysubjecting said substance to the heating effect of such convertedcurrents.

In testimony whereof I affix lnysignature in presence of two witnesses.

ELIAS E. RIES.

Witnesses:

LEOPOLD Riss, JN0. T. MADDOX.

